Chapter I
There is quite a different vocabulary between catalan and spanish, although many loanwords from spanish exist and are used in everday life.
Lexical differences
a) dt.: Tisch cat.: taula
fr.: table < lat. TABULA(M) Board
ital.: tavola Compare mhdt.Tavel
b) dt.: Fenster cat.: finestra
fr.: fenêstre < lat. FENESTR(A)
ital.: finestra
but: span.: ventana < lat. VENTU(M) meaning a hole for the air
c) essen cat.: menjar
fr.: manger < lat.: MANDUCARE to eat
ital.: mangiare
but: span. Comer < lat. COMEDERE to devour
In many catalan words of latin origin (Erbwörtern) the latin initial sound (Anlaut) -l changes to the typical ll- sound of catalan
E.g.: lat. LOCU(M) > cat. Lloc
lat. LINGUA(M) > cat. Llengua
The personal Articles en/na in catalan are the last pieces of the formal greeting DOMI-NA or DOMI-NE. In front of a consonant -ne becomes -en.
Words ending in a stressed vocal have in the plural -ns as an ending. If you look at the latin origin the reason for this becomes obvious:
E.g.: mà < * ma(n) < lat. MAN(UM)
mans <mans < lat. MAN(U)SA short sweep through the history of Catalonia and its precious gem Barcelona
When the tribes of the stone age left the secure heights of the Pyrenees is dificult to tell. Archaeological evidence shows that humans live in that area as long as 70000 years ago but as the millenia swept by they must have decided to move into the more exposed plains. The climate may have been one reason which attracted celtic tribes in the 7 th century B.C. Philologists argue about the roots of the Celt-Iberian language and no one can tell for sure what happened and the migration of the Celts is still one of the most interresting events in human history. The Laietani are a name associated with a native tribe in the area which is todays Barcelona and one of the most likely and therefor possible locations for a settlement of any kind must have been the all overseeing Montjuïc.
The traders from greece set up trading depots at Rodes (near modern Roses) and Emporion (Empúries) and inspired Celt-Iberian art, ceramics and lifestyle. Traiding with coinage established a flourishing society. If it was really the father of Hannibal with the name Hamilcar Barca (died 228 B.C.) who established the first settlement on the site of Barcelona is in question, seeing as no direct evidence for this can be found. May be it was the mighty Hercules himself who in his long and farreaching travels founded the city. In this case we are obviously dealing with a typical historical topos , but it shows nevertherless that allready in roman times the self-esteem of the region was starting to be apperent. The romans, being the sworn enemys of the Carthaginians landed troops in Spain in 218 B.C. and mostly always showing tactical finesse attacked the rear of the Archenemy – Hannibal.
With this masterpiece the Romans cut of the supplies for Hannibals host which marched from victoy to victory towards Rome. When in 206 B.C. the war in Spain was over, roman garrisons stayed and out of one, Barcino was formed. The typical north-south axis (decumanus) together with the crossroad (cardo) and the temple near the intersection formed the nucleus of the city. Caesar Augustus, uppon his arrival in 15 B.C must have liked the properous provincial center seeing as he bestowed it with the title: colonia iulia augusta faventia pia. Four hefty columns of the temple raised to worship the emperor still stand today. Suprisingly early (first century A.D.) Bacino was encirceled with a citywall, eventhough the pax romana rendered warfare or invasion unlikely .
In this time it becomes evidently clear that the new elite was no longer recruted in the endless city itself but emanated from the provinces and made them even richer and more prosperous.
But storm clouds gathered in the north and we can imagine the little cristian community in Barcino sitting together in communion and prayer as christians prepare themselves and await the onslaught of the barbarians. For the fourth century shows the chaos and trouble to come.

Jacint Verdaguer, La barretina, 2a. est.
Or on Obama...
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